Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension are major contributors to global neurological morbidity. Chronic hyperglycemia and vascular dysfunction impair neurovascular coupling and axonal conduction, leading to subclinical sensory and cognitive deficits. Electrophysiological studies such as Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP), Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP), and P300 Event-Related Potentials provide sensitive, non-invasive indicators of early neural dysfunction. Objectives: To evaluate visual, auditory, and cognitive evoked potentials in T2DM, hypertension, and comorbid patients and to identify metabolic and hemodynamic predictors of conduction delay. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 participants aged 35–65 years, divided equally into four groups: controls, diabetes, hypertension, and comorbid. Recordings were obtained using a Nicolet Viking EDX (Natus Inc., USA) system. VEP-P100, BAEP I–V interpeak latency, and P300 latency and amplitude were analyzed. Biochemical variables (HbA1c, blood pressure) were correlated using Pearson’s and regression analyses (SPSS v26.0). Results: Mean VEP-P100 latency and BAEP I–V interval were significantly prolonged in all metabolic groups (p < 0.01), most notably in comorbid subjects. P300 latency was also increased (control: 312 ± 24 ms; comorbid: 366 ± 31 ms), showing strong correlation with HbA1c (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) and systolic BP (r = 0.44, p = 0.003). Regression analysis confirmed HbA1c and disease duration as independent predictors of cortical conduction delay. Conclusion: Evoked potentials reveal early neurophysiological impairment in T2DM and hypertension. Their routine application can aid in early detection of subclinical neuropathy and cognitive dysfunction, allowing preventive interventions to reduce long-term neurovascular complications.

Evoked Potentials, VEP, BAEP, P300, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Neurovascular Continuum, Cognitive Latency.