Due to its prevalence and myriad complications, diabetes mellitus is a significant social and economic issue in contemporary society. Consequently, it is essential to look for novel approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and to enhance the current ones, which necessitates careful research into the mechanisms underlying disease development as well as the development of straightforward and trustworthy techniques and standards for identifying the early warning signs of complications. In order to address these issues, we provide an analytical review of recent research that uses in vitro models of glycated tissues, in vivo experimental models of diabetes mellitus, and other methods to examine how the structural and optical characteristics of biological tissues change as the disease progresses in clinical research and lab animals.

myocardial, circulatory system, tissues, skin, protein glycation, diabetes mellitus, optical characteristics, and metabolite diffusion.